What defines obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized primarily by the presence of intrusive thoughts, known as obsessions, which lead to compulsive behaviors or rituals. These obsessions provoke significant anxiety, prompting individuals to engage in particular behaviors repeatedly in an attempt to reduce or neutralize that anxiety. For instance, someone with OCD might have obsessive thoughts about harming others, leading them to perform compulsive actions such as hand washing or counting to relieve their anxiety. This cycle of obsessions and compulsions is a hallmark feature that defines OCD and differentiates it from other psychological conditions.

The other options reflect different psychological challenges or disorders but do not capture the essence of OCD. Excessive mood swings refer more to mood disorders, social withdrawal is often related to anxiety disorders or depressive disorders, and difficulty concentrating may relate to various cognitive or attention-related issues, but none encapsulate the core dynamics of obsessive-compulsive disorder.